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\begin{document}
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\title {\vspace*{-1.5cm}Basic principles of quality outdoor lighting}
\authjenhv
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\incg{barlsa}
{\footnotesize
\copyright{} Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias}

{\small
Replacing old fixtures with new ones in Barlovento
on Canary islands in 1992 saved two thirds of electricity for
outdoor lighting and changed the main square in a pleasant place,
where the most apparent thing are not the glaring bulbs any more.
The bulbs are still in four-sided ``lanterns''  --
in the old ones, they stood visible among the glasses,
in the new ones, they lay in a mirror cavity in the top.}

\vspace{\fill}

\hrulefill

\medskip
\vbox{\footnotesize \raggedright
Fig. at the title page:
P.\,Cinzano, F.\,Falchi (University in Padova), C.\,D.\,Elvidge
(NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder),
Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society, 2000,
\copyright{RAS}

(Printed by Czech astronomical society in September 2001.
Further information: \h{www.astro.cz})

Author: Jan Hollan,
N. Copernicus Observatory and Planetarium in Brno,
\h{www.hvezdarna.cz}
}

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\begin{center}

\section*{\rule{0mm}{8mm}
Let's illuminate just\\[2mm]
that, what we really want to}
\end{center}


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A map of artificial sky luminance in the heart of Europe,
a piece of the \emph{World atlas of light pollution}
-- in fact, a map of wasted electricity as well.
Even the cleanest region within the map has the sky one third brighter,
in the most polluted regions the sky is more than ten times brighter.
Details at \h{www.lightpollution.it/dmsp/}.


\centering

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\large
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%{\begin{center}
\textbf{Light pollution}  \\
is unpleasant, \\
harmful, \\
obsolete, \\
very expensive, \\
but present here everywhere already.
%\end{center}
%}}

How to illuminate better? See \\
\wwws{http://www.astro.cz/darksky}

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\small

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Like this (just nicer) looks the sky in the nature,

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{\footnotesize \raggedright both images \copyright{} Joe Roberts, 2000}

but like this in a ``civilised'' one.
Bright sky is no necessary consequence of outdoor lighting.
It's a manifestation of electricity wasted for light going 
to the sky instead down.
Further consequences are the lost beauty of night landscape,
lack of calm sleep,
death of a lot of birds and insects, destroyed environment of nighttime
wildlife. Maybe a serious damage to human health as well.
Bad lighting makes moving outdoor dangerous, mainly for people
with no excellent vision.

It is not difficult to send the light just where it is needed.
Fixtures which can do this task have a tempered horizontal
glass at the bottom
(instead of a round plastic belly)
and are called \emph{fully shielded}. They are sealed and equipped
by good mirrors, remaining in excellent condition for decades.

Fixtures which do not disturb and just illuminate the room,
are common indoors already. Even outdoors we will see better, if
the very fixtures cease to be dominant, lest being glare bombs.
You can verify that by shielding the bad lamps by your hand for a while.
Perhaps you will realize, that the street is illuminated a bit too much.

Quality fixtures are inconspicuous.
Such lamps, which shine just down below themselves and not to your eyes,
windows or the sky, can be met in countries around us,
sometimes even here already.

\incg{solarstr}
They need not have a solar panel above them, as the one in Gleisdorf,

\incgnn{vbrneb}
\parbox{0.38\columnwidth}
{\raggedright nor the Moon by them, as the one in Brno,}

\incgnn{siemens_nds}
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{\raggedright but should be more horizontal than the one in Lillehammer,}

\parbox{0.59\columnwidth}
{\raggedright can be a simple form, as another in Gleisdorf,\\ ~}\hfill%
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{\raggedright even quite small, as in a settlement in Kassel,}

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{\raggedright ~ \\ ~ \\ or even on a top of a post,
 as in the olympic areal in Lillehammer.}\hfill%
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\parbox[b]{0.38\columnwidth}
{\raggedright To save your calm sleep, ask at least for an installation
of a shield,}
as added to an old (not at all exemplary) fixture in Villach.
Light disturbs no less than noise.

\enlargethispage{1mm}

Light going just the right direction saves more than one third of power.
It needs not be full strength the whole night.
Another third can be saved that way.

\textbf{Using the best available technology can sink the cost of lighting
four times.}

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