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\begin{document}

 \markright{%\Large
 \underline
 {Clean Air Act and prevention of the Light Pollution, \quad draft rules}
  \hfill }

\begin{center}
\section*{Draft of the Statutory Order of the Czech Government\\
        \large acc. to \§{} 55 of the Act 86/2002 Sb.\\ 
	(Clean Air Act, {\mdseries further just} Act,
	{\mdseries see \h{www.astro.cz/darksky})\\}
	\mdseries \normalsize fourth version, November 2002}
	
	
\end{center}

The \newthree{original} proposal \oldnewthree{is}{has been}
derived from the \zakn{foreign/lombardia}{Lombardy
law} LR 17/2000 (see \h{cielobuio.org/arc-lrl17a.php} for more info); this
in turn is based on the experience with the older laws of another
Italian regions (and consequently on the extensive Italian practice in
preventing the light pollution). Compared to the Lombardy law, 
\oldnewthree{this}{the}
second version of the draft of the statutory order 
\oldnewthree{omits or makes}{omitted or made} less
strict many measures, also the diction is made simpler.
\newthree
{A simple definition of ``one lighting point'' has been introduced, as a 
sphere with a radius of 2\,m around the light source. 
In September 2002 the proposal has been supplemented by explicit 
upper limits for the amount of light, as they are contained in the 
laws of Italian regions Lazio and Marche (and in the 
deliberation of the Council of Lombardy). The present base 
information source is the 
\zakn{visualen}{brochure on the application of the Lombardy law 17/00}
(\h{svetlo.astro.cz/ital_reg}).
Limits valid also for billboards with internal lighting are added 
moreover.  
}

\newfour
{The fourth version mentions the
illuminance apart from luminance in point ``c'' (just a technical
detail) and gives the minimum acceptable utilances for
roads and footpaths in a remark to the point ``b''.
The obligation to declare the properties and proper use of luminaires
has been shifted from a separate old article 5 to the remark on point ``a'',
and supplemented by a possibility that the declaration can be made 
by the planner instead (this is just because the 
Order cannot give any new obligations which are not envisaged in the law 
itself).
The demand that the lit buildings should not have luminances
exceeding those of the surrounding lit surfaces 
(as in the above mentioned Italian rules) 
has been added to the art. 6.
}

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\art{Rules for outdoor lighting}

%\begin{multicols}{2}

\point{} All the new installations of illuminating systems in the
outdoor air, as well as the adaptations of the existing systems, have
to satisfy the rules for the prevention of light pollution according
to this paragraph.  This applies as well to changes, which are in the
phase of planning or contract. Those, which are in the phase of
execution already, have to satisfy the requirements of this paragraph 
before the end of the year 2003.

\point{} Only those illumination systems which conform to the following rules,
are considered as producing no light pollution and minimising also another
pollution of the air:
\begin{mylist}

\item they are composed of luminaires which
do not shine into the upper half-space\footnote {As a upper
half-space, usually the directions over the horizontal plane going
through the luminaire are considered.  In case of a sloped terrain,
it can be understood as the directions over the plane parallel with
the terrain or over a plane with a slope lying between these two extrema.
As a luminaire which do not shine into such directions, even each such
can be considered, whose specific luminous intensity in these directions,
after being rounded to a whole number, is just 0~cd per thousand lumen
of the luminous flux emitted by the light source (bulb) inside the luminaire.
Such a luminaire is called ``fully shielded''.}\footnote
  {\newfour {This property of the luminaire and the way of mounting it
 so that it does not shine into the upper half-space can be given
 on the product and in its instructions for use by the producer, importer or
 the supplier, 
 or they have to be explicitly given by the planner of illumination
 system.}
  }
 
\item
they use the best available technology,\footnote
 {as defined in the \§{}~2 Art. 1 of the Act}\newfour{\footnote
 {at the moment of this Order becoming effective, it means among other,
 in case of illuminating roads and footpaths,
 that the the proportion of the light flux from the luminaires
 which hits the road or path, is higher than
 0.2$+$0.4$\times(w\,/\,10\,$m) for path widths 
 $w \le 10\,$m 
 and higher than 0.6 for those broader than ten metres.}}


\item
they are realized in such a way that 
\oldnewfour
 {the luminance of the illuminated surfaces }
 {the illumination of the target surfaces 
 (in sense of their illuminance or luminance)}
does not exceed the value demanded
by the safety standards, if they exist,\footnote
{as such standards,  prEN 132 01-1 to -3 (or
\v{C}SN 36 0400, 0410 and 0411 in the meantime) can be considered;
for the systems whose luminous flux cannot be regulated continuously it is
allowed that the condition of not exceeding the luminances demanded by such standards
is satisfied only at the end of their planned life} 
\newthree
 {or the value 1\cdpms, in the absence of safety standards,}

\item
and they are equipped by the devices capable of reducing the amount of
emitted light by at least thirty per cent compared to the full output,
after 12 p.m. Such reduction of the amount of light is applied
when the conditions of the use of the illuminated surface are such, that
the safety is not endangered.
\end{mylist}

\point{} Requirements of the Article 2 need not be 
adhered to for light sources (bulbs) with a luminous flux not exceeding
1500 lumen, if they are at most three in one lighting point\footnote
 {for the purpose of this Order, by lighting point the area with a radius
 of two metres around the light source is meant}
\newthree
 {or if their cumulative luminous flux into the upper half-space 
 is below 2250 lm for one lighting point,}
and for such temporarily\footnote{maximum three months}
used sources, which are not in use after 10 p.m. in the season of 
the daylight saving time validity and after 8 p.m. outside the season of
the daylight saving time validity.

\point{} Illumination of any information boards\footnote
{any surface serving for advertisement is considered to be an information board}
has to be realized just by sending light downwards or by light sources placed
inside the board.
\newthree
 {The maximum allowed luminous intensity is 100\,cd for boards with 
  an area of 1\ms{} and lower, the maximum allowed luminance is
  1\cdpms{} for board with an area of 1000\ms{} and larger.\newfour
 {\footnote
  {Moreover, for such large boards the same rule holds as for the 
  buildings acc. to the art. 6, 
 namely that their average luminance should not be larger than the
 average luminance of the surrounding illuminated areas}
 }  
 For 
 boards with an area $S$ between one and one thousand square metres, 
 their mean luminance $L$ has not to be over:
   $$ L = \frac{100\cdpms}{(S/1\ms)^{2/3}}$$   
 -- i.e., their luminous intensity $I$ over:\footnote
{the rounded upper limits are therefore \\
\centerline{
\begin{tabular}{c|cc} 
$\frac{S}{\msp}$ & 
        $\frac{L}{\cdpms}$ &  
              $\frac{I}{\textrm{cd\rule{0mm}{3mm}}}$ \\ \hline
 $<$1   &    --  & 100 \\
    1   &   100  & 100 \\
    3   &    48  & 145 \\
   10   &    21  & 215 \\
   30   &    10  & 310 \\
  100   &     4  & 460 \\
  300   &     2  & 660 \\
 1000   &     1  & 1000 \\
$>$1000   &   1  &  -- \\
\end{tabular}
         }
} 
   $$ I = L/S = 100\,\textrm{cd} \cdot \frac{S}{1\ms}^{1/3} $$
 }

\oldfour{
\point{} Companies which produce, import or supply outdoor fixtures
have to include (among the technical characteristics of the
offered luminaires) 
a statement on their conformance with this Order by writing on the product:
``optics producing no light pollution, according to the laws of the
Czech Republic``
and (in the package with the fixture) a text explaining the correct use
of the fixture.
}

\point{} It is explicitly forbidden to use, for merely promotion purposes,
any upward aimed, movable or fixed, bundles of rays of any type.

\point{} For the illumination of edifices or monuments, 
systems shining downwards
have to be preferred. Only when it is not technically possible, in
case of objects of particular and proven architectonic 
\newthree{and historic} 
value, \newthree{another type of lighting can be used. 
In such a case, the}
margin of the beam has to remain at least one metre below the upper
end of the 
\oldnewthree
 {illuminated surface}
 {surface to be illuminated and within the perimeter of that building 
  or monument.}
\oldnewthree
 {and the beam is to be completely shielded
 around its circumference or be dimmed after 12 p.m.}
 {The illuminating system has to be equipped with a suitable device to 
limit the dispersion of light outside the surface to be illuminated
and it has to be switched off or dimmed at least by one half not 
later then at 1 a.m. during the validity of the daylight saving time
or 0 a.m. outside the validity of the daylight saving time.
The mean luminance of the lit surface 
\newfour{should not be higher than the mean luminance of the surrounding
lit surfaces and} is never allowed to be over 1\cdpms.}

%\end{multicols}

\art{Areas of a special protection}

%\begin{multicols}{2}

\point{} Considering that the time span for lowering the light pollution
by a mere reconstruction of the lighting systems acc. to \§{}~1 is given
by the lifetime of such systems amounting to decades, there are
declared, in the emergency cases, areas with terms for improving
the current state (further just \emph{protected areas}).

\point{} Protected areas are declared in particular around
astronomical observatories.
Protected areas declared by the effective date of this Order are given
in the Appendix.
\oldthree{\new{Another or larger protected areas can be declared also by the
Ministry of Environment}.}

\point{}
It is upon the subject, for whose interest the protected area has been
declared by the Government\oldthree{(or Ministry)}, 
to announce this fact to the
concerned municipalities and operators of light sources.

\point{} Protected area can be declared on their territory by the 
the municipal authorities, within their delegated competences.

%\end{multicols}


\art{Further dispositions applying to the protected areas}

%\begin{multicols}{2}

\point{} All luminaires which do not satisfy the rules 
of the \§{}~1 have to be replaced or adapted in such a way, that
they satisfy the rules of the \§{}~1, within four years from the 
declaration of the protected area. 


\point{}
An exception is granted to existing luminaires, whose replacement is not
planned within four years, and whose adaptation in such a way, that they
would not emit light into the upper half-space, is not well achievable.
Instead of their replacement by fully shielded luminaires they can be
equipped by suitable shields directing their luminous flux toward the earth
and limiting their specific luminous intensity into the upper half-space
up to at most 15~cd per thousand lumen. 
Another solution can be negotiated between the municipality and the
subject, for whose interest the protected area has been
declared.


\point{} All kinds of the information boards, which have no specific and
indispensable nighttime purpose, have to be non-illuminated
after 11 p.m. in the season of
the daylight saving time validity and after 10 p.m. outside the season of
the daylight saving time validity.


\point{} Persons, including the municipalities which have not complied
with the criteria demanded by this Order in the protected areas, are
suspended of the benefit of a special electricity tariff for
public lighting, until they bring their lighting systems in
accord with this Order. The resolution about that is issued by the
regional authority, within its delegated competences, after a
preceding inspection based on the announcement of the subject, for
whose interest the protected area has been declared. The regional
authority submits the information on such a resolution to the 
competent supplier of electricity with the demand to make a new
agreement on the supply with the concerned person.

%\end{multicols}

%\newpage


\subsection*{Appendix: List of the protected areas acc. to \§{}~2 Art. 2
}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{List of the protected areas}

%\begin{multicols}{2}

\point{} Subjects, where the protected area is declared with a radius
of 10 km around them:
\begin{itemize}
\item Observatory of the Astronomical Institute of the Academy of
Sciences of Czech Republic, Ond\v{r}ejov
\item Observatory of the Obs. and Planetarium in \v{C}esk\'e
Bud\v{e}jovice, Kle\v{t}
\end{itemize}


\point{} Subjects, where the protected area is declared with a radius
of 1 km around them:
\begin{itemize}
\item Observatories of the N. Copernicus Obs. and Planetarium in Brno
 and the Astronomical Institute of the Masaryk University, Brno
\item \v{S}tef\'{a}nik Observatory, Prague
\item Observatory, \'Upice
\item Observatory, Vala\v{s}sk\'e Mezi\v{r}\'\i{}\v{c}\'\i{}
\item Johann Palisa Observatory and Planetarium, Ostrava
\item Observatory and Planetarium, Hradec Kr\'alov\'e
\item Observatory, Vset\'\i{}n
\item Observatory, Rokycany
\item Observatory, Vla\v{s}im
\end{itemize}

\point{} The above listed protected areas will serve as model ones for
the implementation of this Order. Their enlargement 
and a series of new ones, esp. around another observatories
accessible to public, should be declared later.

%\end{multicols}

\endgroup

\vfill

\JH \\
Nov 8, 2002 (translated into English Nov 15, 2002)


\end{document}
