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| In the left half of the left plot, specific illuminance by a continuous row of luminaires spaced 5 heights is shown (right half is for a single luminaire). | The right plot is for a single luminaire, unrotated. |
Values below the scale are illuminance / 1 lx. This is for (unrealistic) “unit” case that luminaires would have lamps producing 1 klm only, would be point-like and just 1 m over the terrain.
# [MANUFAC] INDAL
# [TEST] LVA10A297Z
# [LUMINAIRE] Airtrace-2-iReflec300-FT (5.5E)
# [LUMCAT] Airtrace
# [DATE] 27/07/2010 15:21:29
# down given: 100%
# out given: 74.6%
# tilt: 0.00
# [LAMP] 1 MT 45 4300 1950 PGZ12
# Bulbs: 1, 4300 lm each
# Source file: Airtrace_Airtrace-2-iReflec300-FT_-5.5E-_1_MT_45_4300_1950_PGZ12.ldt
# Luminaire flux = 746 raw, for the given bulb(s) it would be 3208 lm,
# 74.6 % of the bulb flux
# between 75 and 90: 3.4 % of the luminaire flux
# - this part causes just GLARE in case of road lighting and similar purposes
# 80deg and above: max 120.1 cd / 1000 lm , 0.7 % of the luminaire flux
# 90deg and above: max 1.4?cd / 1000 lm , 0.0?% of the luminaire flux
# CutOff Type: IES_Semi-CutOff
# Increase of Sky Luminance due to light going
# from the luminaire difectly above horizon, as compared with the
# luminance produced by the light dispersed from the ground: 0?%
# Increase of Sky Luminance in Distant Places by light below 15.0 degrees
# due to light going from the luminaire directly above horizon: 0?%
# (for the zenith luminance such an angle suits places up to 19 km distance)
# The increases concern the following situation:
# Albedo = 0.10
# Zenith Extinction = 0.30 mag (i.e., direct light remaining 76 %)
# Indicatrix type =0 (0: acc. to P.Cinzano, 4..6: CIE sky types)
# (the downward-scattered part of lambertian uplight is 0.1108 then)
# 62.5 deg to <67.5 deg: max 474 cd / 1000 lm,
# 67.5 deg to < 76 deg: max 560 cd / 1000 lm,
# maximum spec. lum. intensity 560 cd / 1000 lm
# The following table gives luminous intensities which would be produced
# using a hypothetic bulb giving a luminous flux of 1000 lm (i.e., cd/klm):
# H: 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0 115.0 120.0 125.0 130.0 135.0 140.0 145.0 150.0 155.0 160.0 165.0 170.0 175.0 180.0 185.0 190.0 195.0 200.0 205.0 210.0 215.0 220.0 225.0 230.0 235.0 240.0 245.0 250.0 255.0 260.0 265.0 270.0 275.0 280.0 285.0 290.0 295.0 300.0 305.0 310.0 315.0 320.0 325.0 330.0 335.0 340.0 345.0 350.0 355.0
#V:
0.0 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164
2.0 165 166 165 166 166 167 167 167 168 168 168 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 168 168 168 167 167 167 166 166 165 166 165 165 164 164 163 164 162 163 162 161 161 161 161 161 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 161 161 161 161 161 162 163 162 164 163 164 164 165
4.0 167 168 169 170 170 171 171 172 172 173 173 174 174 175 174 175 175 176 176 176 175 175 174 175 174 174 173 173 172 172 171 171 170 170 169 168 167 167 166 165 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 157 156 156 156 156 155 156 156 156 156 157 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 165 166 167
6.0 170 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 179 180 181 181 181 181 182 182 183 183 183 182 182 181 181 181 181 180 179 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 170 169 168 167 165 164 162 162 160 158 157 156 155 154 152 152 151 151 150 151 151 152 152 154 155 156 157 158 160 162 162 164 165 167 168 169
8.0 173 174 176 179 180 182 183 184 186 186 188 188 189 189 189 190 190 191 191 191 190 190 189 189 189 188 188 186 186 184 183 182 180 179 176 174 173 171 169 167 165 164 162 160 158 157 155 153 152 150 148 147 147 146 146 146 147 147 148 150 152 153 155 157 158 160 162 164 165 167 169 171
10.0 174 177 179 182 185 187 189 190 194 194 196 197 197 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 198 198 198 198 197 197 196 194 194 190 189 187 185 182 179 177 174 171 169 167 164 162 160 158 156 154 152 150 148 147 145 144 143 142 142 142 143 144 145 147 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 167 169 171
12.0 175 179 182 186 189 192 195 198 201 202 204 205 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 205 204 202 201 198 195 192 189 186 182 179 175 172 168 165 163 160 157 155 153 151 148 147 145 144 142 141 140 139 139 139 140 141 142 144 145 147 148 151 153 155 157 160 163 165 168 172
14.0 176 181 185 190 195 199 202 205 207 209 211 213 213 212 212 212 212 212 213 212 212 212 212 212 213 213 211 209 207 205 202 199 195 190 185 181 176 172 168 164 160 157 154 151 149 147 145 144 142 141 140 138 137 137 136 137 137 138 140 141 142 144 145 147 149 151 154 157 160 164 168 172
16.0 179 185 190 195 201 205 208 211 214 214 216 217 217 217 216 217 216 217 217 217 216 217 216 217 217 217 216 214 214 211 208 205 201 195 190 185 179 174 169 164 159 155 151 148 145 143 141 140 139 139 137 136 135 134 134 134 135 136 137 139 139 140 141 143 145 148 151 155 159 164 169 174
18.0 182 188 193 199 204 209 212 213 215 215 217 218 217 218 218 218 218 220 221 220 218 218 218 218 217 218 217 215 215 213 212 209 204 199 193 188 182 176 170 165 159 154 148 145 142 139 138 137 136 136 135 135 133 133 132 133 133 135 135 136 136 137 138 139 142 145 148 154 159 165 170 176
20.0 183 189 194 199 203 207 211 213 214 213 213 215 216 217 218 219 221 223 224 223 221 219 218 217 216 215 213 213 214 213 211 207 203 199 194 189 183 178 172 165 158 153 148 143 139 136 134 134 134 134 134 133 132 131 130 131 132 133 134 134 134 134 134 136 139 143 148 153 158 165 172 178
22.0 188 193 195 198 201 203 205 207 209 208 208 210 212 215 218 221 224 228 229 228 224 221 218 215 212 210 208 208 209 207 205 203 201 198 195 193 188 183 176 168 160 153 147 142 137 134 132 131 131 132 132 132 130 129 128 129 130 132 132 132 131 131 132 134 137 142 147 153 160 168 176 183
24.0 192 196 198 200 201 200 200 200 202 201 202 205 209 214 220 225 230 237 239 237 230 225 220 214 209 205 202 201 202 200 200 200 201 200 198 196 192 187 180 172 163 156 148 142 136 132 129 129 129 130 130 130 129 128 127 128 129 130 130 130 129 129 129 132 136 142 148 156 163 172 180 187
26.0 193 197 200 202 202 200 198 195 195 196 198 203 209 217 226 232 240 251 252 251 240 232 226 217 209 203 198 196 195 195 198 200 202 202 200 197 193 189 183 174 166 158 149 142 136 131 128 127 126 127 128 128 127 126 125 126 127 128 128 127 126 127 128 131 136 142 149 158 166 174 183 189
28.0 195 199 201 204 204 202 198 194 194 195 200 207 216 226 236 244 254 268 271 268 254 244 236 226 216 207 200 195 194 194 198 202 204 204 201 199 195 190 184 176 168 159 150 143 136 131 127 125 124 125 125 126 125 124 123 124 125 126 125 125 124 125 127 131 136 143 150 159 168 176 184 190
30.0 196 201 205 208 208 206 202 198 197 201 208 218 229 239 248 258 268 284 288 284 268 258 248 239 229 218 208 201 197 198 202 206 208 208 205 201 196 191 185 178 170 160 151 144 138 132 127 125 123 123 123 124 123 122 121 122 123 124 123 123 123 125 127 132 138 144 151 160 170 178 185 191
32.0 197 203 209 213 214 212 209 207 208 215 224 235 244 252 259 266 277 294 300 294 277 266 259 252 244 235 224 215 208 207 209 212 214 213 209 203 197 191 186 179 171 161 152 144 138 133 128 124 122 121 121 121 121 120 119 120 121 121 121 121 122 124 128 133 138 144 152 161 171 179 186 191
34.0 194 203 211 217 220 222 221 223 229 237 245 252 257 259 260 264 274 290 298 290 274 264 260 259 257 252 245 237 229 223 221 222 220 217 211 203 194 188 183 177 170 161 151 144 138 133 128 124 121 120 119 120 119 118 117 118 119 120 119 120 121 124 128 133 138 144 151 161 170 177 183 188
36.0 193 204 214 222 228 233 240 247 256 260 265 265 259 254 248 247 254 269 279 269 254 247 248 254 259 265 265 260 256 247 240 233 228 222 214 204 193 186 179 173 165 157 149 143 137 133 128 124 120 118 117 118 117 116 115 116 117 118 117 118 120 124 128 133 137 143 149 157 165 173 179 186
38.0 192 205 217 229 239 252 265 277 284 278 274 264 249 235 224 218 222 235 244 235 222 218 224 235 249 264 274 278 284 277 265 252 239 229 217 205 192 182 173 166 159 152 146 141 137 133 128 124 119 117 115 116 116 115 114 115 116 116 115 117 119 124 128 133 137 141 146 152 159 166 173 182
40.0 190 204 218 232 251 276 299 311 306 284 263 247 225 207 192 184 185 195 201 195 185 184 192 207 225 247 263 284 306 311 299 276 251 232 218 204 190 180 169 162 156 151 145 141 136 132 128 124 119 115 113 113 114 113 112 113 114 113 113 115 119 124 128 132 136 141 145 151 156 162 169 180
42.0 195 210 224 242 267 301 327 332 311 274 238 218 197 178 163 154 152 158 162 158 152 154 163 178 197 218 238 274 311 332 327 301 267 242 224 210 195 181 168 160 155 151 146 141 136 131 127 122 118 113 111 111 111 110 109 110 111 111 111 113 118 122 127 131 136 141 146 151 155 160 168 181
44.0 200 220 238 260 292 330 349 333 291 243 204 182 166 150 136 127 124 127 130 127 124 127 136 150 166 182 204 243 291 333 349 330 292 260 238 220 200 184 170 162 156 152 148 142 136 129 124 120 116 112 108 107 107 106 105 106 107 107 108 112 116 120 124 129 136 142 148 152 156 162 170 184
46.0 207 232 256 285 324 355 355 315 259 204 166 147 137 126 114 106 103 105 107 105 103 106 114 126 137 147 166 204 259 315 355 355 324 285 256 232 207 188 171 163 158 154 149 143 135 129 122 117 112 109 104 103 103 102 100 102 103 103 104 109 112 117 122 129 135 143 149 154 158 163 171 188
48.0 215 246 277 314 354 371 344 284 220 168 134 120 114 106 97.1 89.6 87.7 88.9 91.0 88.9 87.7 89.6 97.1 106 114 120 134 168 220 284 344 371 354 314 277 246 215 191 173 164 158 155 151 144 136 128 121 114 109 105 100 99.6 99.1 98.0 97.0 98.0 99.1 99.6 100 105 109 114 121 128 136 144 151 155 158 164 173 191
50.0 226 265 306 347 381 372 319 243 182 141 117 102 95.5 90.6 84.3 79.4 77.8 78.2 79.8 78.2 77.8 79.4 84.3 90.6 95.5 102 117 141 182 243 319 372 381 347 306 265 226 195 174 163 157 155 151 144 135 126 119 112 106 102 97.0 94.2 94.1 93.2 92.1 93.2 94.1 94.2 97.0 102 106 112 119 126 135 144 151 155 157 163 174 195
52.0 238 289 341 384 396 357 283 203 152 124 107 94.8 85.6 79.6 74.8 71.4 70.5 71.6 73.5 71.6 70.5 71.4 74.8 79.6 85.6 94.8 107 124 152 203 283 357 396 384 341 289 238 200 174 162 157 155 150 142 133 124 116 109 102 97.3 92.5 89.0 87.2 85.1 84.2 85.1 87.2 89.0 92.5 97.3 102 109 116 124 133 142 150 155 157 162 174 200
54.0 253 320 384 426 402 331 242 171 134 113 100 89.6 80.7 73.6 69.0 65.2 64.6 66.6 68.4 66.6 64.6 65.2 69.0 73.6 80.7 89.6 100 113 134 171 242 331 402 426 384 320 253 205 175 161 156 153 147 139 130 122 114 105 96.9 91.6 86.2 82.1 79.7 76.2 73.7 76.2 79.7 82.1 86.2 91.6 96.9 105 114 122 130 139 147 153 156 161 175 205
56.0 269 353 431 462 401 297 204 150 124 107 95.1 86.5 77.6 70.7 66.2 61.7 60.4 59.9 60.8 59.9 60.4 61.7 66.2 70.7 77.6 86.5 95.1 107 124 150 204 297 401 462 431 353 269 210 176 161 154 149 142 135 127 119 110 101 91.7 85.7 80.4 76.2 72.3 67.3 66.2 67.3 72.3 76.2 80.4 85.7 91.7 101 110 119 127 135 142 149 154 161 176 210
58.0 284 377 465 484 391 264 177 137 115 101 89.8 82.0 74.1 67.5 62.6 58.5 54.9 54.4 56.1 54.4 54.9 58.5 62.6 67.5 74.1 82.0 89.8 101 115 137 177 264 391 484 465 377 284 215 175 157 150 145 138 131 123 113 104 93.9 85.8 78.9 74.5 70.0 64.4 59.9 58.6 59.9 64.4 70.0 74.5 78.9 85.8 93.9 104 113 123 131 138 145 150 157 175 215
60.0 296 397 483 480 365 234 159 127 108 94.9 85.4 77.6 70.6 64.3 59.1 54.1 49.6 49.1 50.2 49.1 49.6 54.1 59.1 64.3 70.6 77.6 85.4 94.9 108 127 159 234 365 480 483 397 296 220 174 155 147 142 134 125 115 105 95.8 87.7 80.5 73.3 68.3 63.3 57.9 53.8 52.2 53.8 57.9 63.3 68.3 73.3 80.5 87.7 95.8 105 115 125 134 142 147 155 174 220
62.0 307 411 485 454 325 207 148 119 102 90.2 81.3 74.1 67.0 61.9 55.9 49.4 45.3 44.1 45.0 44.1 45.3 49.4 55.9 61.9 67.0 74.1 81.3 90.2 102 119 148 207 325 454 485 411 307 223 173 153 146 139 129 118 107 97.2 89.3 81.8 75.2 69.1 63.6 58.0 52.9 48.2 46.9 48.2 52.9 58.0 63.6 69.1 75.2 81.8 89.3 97.2 107 118 129 139 146 153 173 223
64.0 322 426 474 408 281 183 137 111 96.2 85.8 77.5 70.6 63.5 58.4 52.1 45.0 40.6 38.0 38.6 38.0 40.6 45.0 52.1 58.4 63.5 70.6 77.5 85.8 96.2 111 137 183 281 408 474 426 322 227 174 153 144 134 120 108 98.2 90.4 83.1 75.9 70.5 64.7 58.9 53.3 47.9 43.2 41.6 43.2 47.9 53.3 58.9 64.7 70.5 75.9 83.1 90.4 98.2 108 120 134 144 153 174 227
66.0 350 453 459 364 246 167 127 104 90.1 80.8 73.1 66.5 60.0 54.0 46.8 40.9 35.6 32.7 33.3 32.7 35.6 40.9 46.8 54.0 60.0 66.5 73.1 80.8 90.1 104 127 167 246 364 459 453 350 238 176 151 138 125 110 99.5 90.6 84.0 77.5 70.3 65.2 60.0 54.2 48.3 42.9 38.5 36.3 38.5 42.9 48.3 54.2 60.0 65.2 70.3 77.5 84.0 90.6 99.5 110 125 138 151 176 238
68.0 391 497 465 341 221 152 117 97.3 84.5 76.1 68.7 62.3 56.7 50.5 42.7 35.7 31.0 27.8 28.0 27.8 31.0 35.7 42.7 50.5 56.7 62.3 68.7 76.1 84.5 97.3 117 152 221 341 465 497 391 254 178 146 130 114 100 92.1 84.7 78.4 71.6 65.0 59.3 55.2 49.2 43.6 38.2 34.1 31.6 34.1 38.2 43.6 49.2 55.2 59.3 65.0 71.6 78.4 84.7 92.1 100 114 130 146 178 254
70.0 444 554 477 323 196 135 106 90.3 79.8 71.1 64.0 57.9 52.9 46.4 38.1 30.7 25.1 23.4 23.4 23.4 25.1 30.7 38.1 46.4 52.9 57.9 64.0 71.1 79.8 90.3 106 135 196 323 477 554 444 271 175 136 116 102 90.2 83.0 77.3 71.6 65.4 59.7 53.4 49.0 43.9 38.5 33.5 29.4 26.4 29.4 33.5 38.5 43.9 49.0 53.4 59.7 65.4 71.6 77.3 83.0 90.2 102 116 136 175 271
72.0 457 560 434 264 160 117 95.8 81.8 73.7 66.2 59.6 53.5 48.5 41.7 33.7 26.3 21.6 19.3 19.3 19.3 21.6 26.3 33.7 41.7 48.5 53.5 59.6 66.2 73.7 81.8 95.8 117 160 264 434 560 457 245 129 85.8 67.8 58.0 52.9 52.1 52.9 54.5 53.9 50.2 45.7 42.0 37.7 32.7 28.2 24.7 21.7 24.7 28.2 32.7 37.7 42.0 45.7 50.2 53.9 54.5 52.9 52.1 52.9 58.0 67.8 85.8 129 245
74.0 431 498 327 158 82.6 62.7 63.0 66.9 65.4 59.1 53.7 47.9 43.8 37.0 29.3 22.5 18.4 17.0 17.5 17.0 18.4 22.5 29.3 37.0 43.8 47.9 53.7 59.1 65.4 66.9 63.0 62.7 82.6 158 327 498 431 218 95.7 53.2 37.3 28.0 21.4 18.5 17.1 17.4 18.9 21.0 23.3 24.5 24.4 22.7 20.6 17.6 15.8 17.6 20.6 22.7 24.4 24.5 23.3 21.0 18.9 17.4 17.1 18.5 21.4 28.0 37.3 53.2 95.7 218
76.0 361 387 230 106 52.5 32.1 22.0 17.1 19.4 29.5 39.3 39.1 37.9 31.4 24.6 18.3 15.3 14.8 15.3 14.8 15.3 18.3 24.6 31.4 37.9 39.1 39.3 29.5 19.4 17.1 22.0 32.1 52.5 106 230 387 361 185 76.0 39.7 27.2 20.1 15.2 12.4 10.6 9.4 8.3 6.9 5.5 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.6 5.6 5.2 5.6 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.9 5.5 6.9 8.3 9.4 10.6 12.4 15.2 20.1 27.2 39.7 76.0 185
78.0 243 242 139 65.8 35.0 22.5 15.9 11.7 9.0 7.3 6.2 8.6 16.5 21.5 19.2 14.7 12.4 13.0 13.6 13.0 12.4 14.7 19.2 21.5 16.5 8.6 6.2 7.3 9.0 11.7 15.9 22.5 35.0 65.8 139 242 243 131 53.4 27.8 19.1 14.2 10.8 8.6 7.0 6.1 5.7 4.8 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.7 4.8 5.7 6.1 7.0 8.6 10.8 14.2 19.1 27.8 53.4 131
80.0 120 114 67.6 35.4 21.2 14.9 11.2 8.5 6.7 5.3 4.4 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.5 4.4 5.5 7.3 8.4 7.3 5.5 4.4 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.4 5.3 6.7 8.5 11.2 14.9 21.2 35.4 67.6 114 120 71.1 31.1 16.8 12.0 8.9 6.7 5.4 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.3 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.5 3.3 3.9 4.2 4.6 5.4 6.7 8.9 12.0 16.8 31.1 71.1
82.0 44.4 42.1 27.9 17.2 12.0 9.2 7.4 6.0 5.0 4.2 3.5 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 3.0 3.5 4.2 5.0 6.0 7.4 9.2 12.0 17.2 27.9 42.1 44.4 29.3 15.1 9.2 6.9 5.3 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.2 5.3 6.9 9.2 15.1 29.3
84.0 13.0 12.7 9.9 7.5 6.1 5.2 4.4 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.4 5.2 6.1 7.5 9.9 12.7 13.0 9.5 6.1 4.5 3.7 3.0 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.7 4.5 6.1 9.5
86.0 3.8 4.0 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.5 4.0 3.8 3.2 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.2
88.0 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1
90.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4