absorbing activities implemented jointly adaptation aerosol afforestation albedo annex b countrie annex i countrie anthropogenic atmosphere biome biosphere bottom-up model carbon cycle carbon dioxide carbon dioxide fertilization clean development mechanism climate climate feedback climate change climate model climate prediction climate projection climate scenario climate sensitivity climate system climate variability combined heat and power compliance confidence coral coral reef cost co2-equivalent cryosphere deforestation detection and attribution discounting drought economies in transition ecosystem el nino-southern oscillation emission scenario emissions trading energy evapotranspiration external forcing feedback forest fossil fuel frozen ground glacier global surface temperature global warming potential greenhouse effect greenhouse ga gross domestic product halocarbon human system hydrofluorocarbon hydrological cycle hydrosphere chlorofluorocarbon ice cap ice sheet impact implementation industrial revolution infrastructure interglacial joint implementation kyoto mechanism kyoto protocol land use land-use change market impact market potential mass balance measure methane mitigation mitigation potential nitrous oxide non-market impact ozone percentile perfluorocarbon permafrost ph plankton policie projection radiative forcing reforestation region runoff scenario sea level change sea level rise sensitivity sink solar radiation source sres scenario stratosphere sulphurhexafluoride sustainable development tax technological change thermal expansion thermal infrared radiation top-down model total solar irradiance tropopause troposphere uncertainty unfcc uptake